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  1. Agreement for a cease-fire in the DRC, Art 3./11.b/ Annex A, Chapter 7.

  2. Security Council resolution 1258, 6 August 1999.

  3. Agreement for a Ceasefire in the DRC, Art 3.11.a.

  4. Annex A, Chapter 8.

  5. Agreement for a Ceasefire in the DRC, Art 3.19/ Annex A, Chapter 5.

  6. "US Lays Down Conditions for Military Action in Africa", Kevin J Kelley, The East African, 9-15 August 1999.

  7. Security Council resolution 1258, 6 August 1999.

  8. Although Burundi was not identified as a belligerent party and attended the Lusaka talks as an observer.

  9. Art.3/11.a of the agreement.

  10. President Chiluba's words at the signing ceremony on 10 July 1999 in Lusaka.

  11. "Tottering Kabila begs for help", Howard Barrell, Mail and Guardian, 30 July 1999.

  12. "Zimbabwe troops in DC unlikely to be home for Christmas", Charles Mtewa, the Herald, 9 August 1999.

  13. " DRC gobbles up US $3 million a month", Barnabas Thondhlana, Zimbabwe Independent, 8 August 1999.

  14. " Kabila's allies count costs of Congo war " by Ed Stoddard, Reuters story published by The Monitor.

  15. Interview with Wamba dia Wamba, the leader of the RCD Kisangani, by an ICG analyst on 5 July 1999.

  16. His father Saolona Bemba was president of the Chamber of Commerce under Mobutu.

  17. Interview with Wamba dia Wamba, leader of the RCD-Kisangani group, by ICG analyst in Lusaka, Zambia, 5 July 1999.

  18. Interview with Bizima Karaha, the security chief of the RCD Goma group by ICG analyst in Lusaka, Zambia, 3 July 1999.

  19. Interview with Jean-Pierre Bemba, the leader of the Movement for the Liberation of Movement of Congo, by ICG analyst on 4 July 1999.

  20. Irin, 6 August 1999.

  21. Interview with Jean Pierre Bemba by ICG analyst in Lusaka, Zambia.

  22. Uganda Confidential, 13 June 1999.

  23. Julius Nyerere, former President of Tanzania, hosted many young African students in exile in Tanzania. Many of them are now in position of leadership in countries like Uganda, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa.

  24. ICG Analyst interviews with Amama Mbabazi, the Minister in charge of Regional Cooperation and head of the Uganda delegation to the DRC negotiations, on 29 June 1999 in Lusaka, Zambia.

  25. President Museveni of Uganda belongs to the Hima ethnic group, ethnically linked to the Tutsi ethnic group in power in both Rwanda and Burundi. The move to back the Congolese rebels, with both Rwanda and Burundi, has attracted suspicion from African leaders such as Robert Mugabe and Sam Nujoma. Both leaders have accused Museveni of harboring ambitions of building a Hima-Tutsi empire, an accusation he denies.

  26. Towards closer cooperation in Africa, by Yoweri Museveni, Kampala, July 1998

  27. Senior Angolan, Zimbabwean, Tanzanian and South African military officials interviewed by ICG analysts said that the Rwanda leadership risks being isolated from their potential allies if they maintain a militaristic approach on regional issues.

  28. Paul Kagame in an interview by Michael Wakaba and Levi Ochieng for The East African Newspaper, 5-11 July 1999.

  29. Paul Kagame, Rwanda's Vice President, in an interview by Michael Wakabi and Levi Ochieng for The East African, 5-11 July 1999.

  30. Paul Kagame, Rwanda's Vice President, in an interview that was published in Der Spiegel and reviewed by AFP, 10 July 1999.

  31. The Monitor, August 9, 1999.

  32. Article III clause 22 of the Agreement for a Cease-fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

  33. Agreement for a cease-fire in the DRC, chapter 9, p 10.

  34. Chapter 9, Disarmament of Armed Groups, article 9.1, Agreement for a Cease-fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

  35. Chapter 8, United Nations Peacekeeping Mandate, Section 2, Peace Enforcement, article 8.4, Agreement for a cease-fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

  36. Article III clause 11a of the Agreement for a cease-fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo. " SA told to stay out of Congo " by Howard Barell Mail and Guardian, 18-24 June 1999.

  37. Professor John Stremlau, head of the department of international relations at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa.

  38. "The Congo effect" by Adonia Ayebare, The East African Alternatives, January-February 1999.

  39. Interview with ICG analyst at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kampala, June 1999.

  40. Sirte is a small town in Libya.

  41. " We can fight on for years " by Michael Wakabi and Levi Ochieng, The EastAfrican 5-11 July 1999.

  42. Interview with a senior Tanzanian diplomat on 6 July 1999 in Lusaka, Zambia, by the ICG analyst.

  43. Saolona Bemba is the father of Jean Pierre Bemba the rebel leader of the Movement for the Liberation of Congo. On his visit to Uganda he called on the Uganda government to convince his son to return home.

  44. A joint communiqu� dated 1 June 1999 by Ugandan officials and DRC government officials after their meeting in Kampala, Uganda.